At the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest. )0.85% (2019 est. ", Barclay, Adam and Shrestha, Samjhana (AprilJune 2006). [124] Laos may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. His reign is often regarded as Laos's golden age. )-$230.973 million (2020 est. English, the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), has become increasingly studied in recent years. Laos financed the remaining 30% with loans from China. WebFor the history of Laos under the joint Franco-Japanese protectorate, see Laos (Indochinese Union). [76] As many as 200,000 Hmong went into exile in Thailand, with many ending up in the US. He has been General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, a position making him the de facto leader of Laos, since January 2021. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the illegal drug trade and were of non-Lao origin. )8,679.409 (2019 est. The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked. The remainder, particularly in rural areas, speak ethnic minority languages. Shortly after, the Kingdom of Champasak and the territory of Vientiane were added to the protectorate. [104] Later reports have contradicted this, claiming they were sentenced to 20 years in prison. The sinh is a traditional garment worn by Lao women in daily life. ), fossil fuels: 35.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. eBay Money Back Guarantee. Quc gia: Nht Bn. [95], Human rights violations remain a significant concern in Laos. On September 1, 1945, the Kingdom of Laos was confirmed [2] as The Lao Kingdom was formally proclaimed when the new constitution was promulgated in 1947 as part of the French colonial union, and gained full independence in 1953. [citation needed], Massive aerial bombardments against the PAVN/Pathet Lao forces were carried out by the United States to prevent the collapse of the Kingdom of Laos central government, and to deny the use of the Ho Chi Minh Trail to attack US forces in South Vietnam. According to the World Bank data conducted in 2014, Laos has met the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets on water and sanitation regarding the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme. [122] Rice dominates agriculture, with about 80% of the arable land area used for growing rice. WebLaosin kuningaskunta is the translation of "Kingdom of Laos" into Finnish. The French language's decline was slower and occurred later than in Vietnam and Cambodia in Laos as the monarchy of Laos had close political relations with France. State flag and civil ensign of Kingdom of Laos [4] [5] Three horizontal stripes, with the [33], In 1637, when Sourigna Vongsa ascended the throne, Lan Xang further expanded its frontiers. [108] In late February 2017, two of those imprisoned were finally released after 17 years. Lao People's Democratic Republic", Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia, "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? )arable land: 6.2% (2018 est. The Laos Government carried out resettlement programs between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s to relocate ethnic minority groups from the rural northern highlands to development areas in the lowlands ostensibly to alleviate poverty, make basic services more accessible, eliminate slash-and-burn agriculture and opium production, integrate ethnic minorities, and control rebel groups (including Hmong insurgents). For many, however, resettlement has exacerbated poverty, led to the loss of livelihoods, and increased food insecurity and mortality rates. As the resettlement programs started to wane in the second half of the 1990s, migration from the northern highlands to urban centers chiefly the capital Vientiane to pursue better jobs in the growing manufacturing and service sectors became the main type of relocation. Migration of villagers from the south seeking work in neighboring Thailand also increased. Thailand is the main international migration destination for Laotians because of the greater availability of jobs and higher pay than at home; nearly a million Laotian migrants were estimated to live in Thailand as of 2015. After the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the communist Pathet Lao came to power, ending the civil war. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications", "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme", Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change, Renovation in Vietnam since 1988 a study in political, economic and social change, "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity", "Mekong Divides Different Worlds In 'Golden Triangle', "Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia", "East Asia/Southeast Asia:: Laos The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "Laos promotes PM Thongloun as leader of communist party", "OEC Laos (LAO) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners", "Q+A What is the East Asia Summit all about? The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. [42] By 1943, the Vietnamese population stood at nearly 40,000, forming the majority in the largest cities of Laos and enjoying the right to elect its own leaders. Theravada Buddhism is a dominant influence in Lao culture. Laos held the chairmanship of ASEAN in 2016. [152], Sixty-six percent of Laotians were Theravada Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of Satsana Phi) in 2010. [175] Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism. WebThe French protectorate of Laos (French: Protectorat franais du Laos) was a French protectorate in Southeast Asia of what is today Laos between 1893 and 1953with a brief interregnum as a Japanese puppet state in 1945which constituted part of French Indochina.It was established over the Siamese vassal, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, [46], The official and majority language is Lao, a language of the Tai-Kadai language family. )methane emissions: 9 megatons (2020 est. [133], The tourism sector has grown rapidly, from 80,000 international visitors in 1990, to 1.876million in 2010,[134] when tourism had been expected to rise to US$1.5857billion by 2020. [47][46], Laos was a key part of the Vietnam War since parts of Laos were invaded and occupied by North Vietnam since 1958 for use as a supply route for its war against South Vietnam. )proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Modern-day Laos has its roots in the ancient Lao kingdom of Lan Xang, established in the 14th century under King FA NGUM. [154] Healthy life expectancy was 54 years in 2007. [citation needed], The Lao government controls all media channels to prevent critique of its actions. Luang Prabang and Vat Phou are both UNESCO World Heritage sites. [141] Laos's predominantly rural[142] population makes investing in sanitation difficult. Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese armies overran northern Laos and annexed Luang Prabang, while Champasak eventually came under Siamese suzerainty. Choose your favorite kingdom of laos designs and purchase them as wall art, home decor, phone cases, tote bags, and more! [139]:8 Songthaews are used in the country for long-distance and local public transport. At the eve of the Vietnam War, the Secret War was beginning in Laos as political factions between communist Pathet Lao and the government occurred. Major festivals include Lao New Year celebrated around 1315 April and involves a water festival similar but more subdued than that of Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. In their opposition of the repatriation plans, Democratic and Republican Members of Congress challenged the Clinton administration's position that the government of Laos was not systematically violating Hmong human rights. After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the domination of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century, when it became part of French Indochina. Archaeological exploration in Laos has been limited due to rugged and remote topography, a history of twentieth century conflicts which have left over two million tons of unexploded ordnance throughout the country, and local sensitivities to history which involve the Communist government of Setthathirath became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of what became the symbol of Laos, That Luang. )carbon dioxide emissions: 17.76 megatons (2016 est. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root". WebHome Steve Test MMIS w/ LogRocket ID. [48], Some 80million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country, rendering vast swaths of land impossible to cultivate. Although some accusations of forced repatriation were denied,[82] thousands of Hmong people refused to return to Laos. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the Lua and Khmu people who are indigenous to Laos. ), improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 72% of populationtotal: 82.2% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 28% of populationtotal: 17.8% of population (2020 est. )exports: 235,000 metric tons (2020 est. has been the most successful club with 8 titles, the highest number of championship wins. The Lao government has been working with the International Rice Research Institute of the Philippines to collect seed samples of each of the thousands of rice varieties found in Laos. French is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of La Francophonie. )consumption: 15.823 million metric tons (2020 est. )solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. ), Laos is a predominantly rural country with a youthful population almost 55% of the population is under the age of 25. Its progress on health and development issues has been uneven geographically, among ethnic groups, and socioeconomically. Laos has made headway in poverty reduction, with the poverty rate almost halving from 46% in 1992/93 to 22% in 2012/13. Nevertheless, pronounced rural-urban disparities persist, and income inequality is rising. Poverty most affects populations in rural and highland areas, particularly ethnic minority groups., The total fertility rate (TFR) has decreased markedly from around 6 births per woman on average in 1990 to approximately 2.8 in 2016, but it is still one of the highest in Southeast Asia. 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